So, Ireland vs Northern Ireland… what’s the difference? We get this question quite a bit, usually over email and always from those visiting Ireland from lands afar.
In a nutshell, the 6 counties of Northern Ireland are technically within the United Kingdom, while the remaining 26 are part of the Republic of Ireland.
We’ll dive into this deeper in the guide below.
Now, it’s worth noting in advance that this is a topic that can stir up quite a bit of anger for those living in both Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Something that irritates me greatly about many of the Northern Ireland vs Ireland guides online is that they fail to offer any insight into the history of the partition of Ireland.
Many guides just inform tourists of the differences that they’ll encounter today, like currency and road signs, while failing to offer insight into the history behind the division.
In this guide, you’ll learn:
- The differences between Northern Ireland and Ireland that you’ll encounter when visiting
- What to watch out for
- The history behind the partition of Ireland
Table of Contents
Ireland vs Northern Ireland
The main difference between Ireland and Northern Ireland is that they are two separate countries. The Republic of Ireland is an independent sovereign state, while Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom since 3rd May 1921.
A quick introduction
OK – first things first: the map above shows the partition between Ireland and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland is the section in greeny-yellow).
There’s currently (Oct. 15th, 2019) no physical border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, although many maps would make you believe that there is.
That being said, we’re in a very bizarre situation with Brexit, currently, with talks of a hard border becoming more and more frequent.
Hopefully, a border between Ireland and Northern Ireland will never come to be, as it could result in the type of conflict that plagued the island for many years, during the mid-to-late-1900s.
The main differences between Northern Ireland and Ireland
There are several very real differences between Northern Ireland and Ireland that you’ll encounter today.
Let’s say that you’re visiting Donegal for a weekend and you decide to take a spin into Derry.
You’ll:
- Technically be passing from Ireland into the UK
- Need pound sterling
- Encounter different road signs
- Potentially incur additional costs from your rental car company
- Yes, some rental car companies will charge up to €30 a day if you pass from the Republic of Ireland into Northern Ireland, so check the contract in advance!
Ireland vs Northern Ireland: Counties, Governance, Currency, More
The counties of Ireland and Northern Ireland
32 counties make up the island of Ireland. Out of these 32 counties, 26 are located in the Republic of Ireland and 6 are located in Northern Ireland.
Here’s a breakdown of each:
The counties of the Republic of Ireland
- Dublin
- Meath
- Wicklow
- Wexford
- Carlow
- Kilkenny
- Waterford
- Cork
- Kerry
- Limerick
- Westmeath
- Clare
- Mayo
- Sligo
- Galway
- Leitrim
- Cavan
- Donegal
- Louth
- Longford
- Monaghan
- Tipperary
- Kildare
- Laois
- Roscommon
- Offaly
The counties of Northern Ireland
- Antrim
- Armagh
- Down
- Derry
- Fermanagh
- Tyrone
Governance: President v Queen
Governance is a key difference between Ireland and Northern Ireland. The 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland are what’s called a ‘parliamentary constitutional republic’. Ireland’s Head of State is the President of Ireland (currently Michael D. Higgins).
The 6 counties of Northern Ireland are part of the United Kingdom. Their current Head of State is the British monarch (Queen Elizabeth).
Currency: Euro v Pound
In the Republic of Ireland, we use Euro. In Northern Ireland, they use Pound Sterling.
Now, we constantly get asked questions about whether they accept the Euro in Northern Ireland. The answer? Yes and no.
I’ve been in Northern Ireland several times over the past few years. Sometimes, when you walk into a bar or shop, you’ll see a sign saying ‘Euro accepted’, or something along those lines.
Your best bet is to use card. Or to just take out some Sterling to use during your visit.
Different capitals: Dublin v Belfast
Another difference between Northern Ireland vs Ireland is their capital cities. The capital of Ireland is Dublin, while the capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast.
Both have international airports and each has extensive (although not always reliable) public transport serving it.
Languages: Irish vs English
English and Irish (aka Gaeilge) are the two official languages of the Republic of Ireland.
You’ll see Irish used in many street signs and within official documents, but you don’t tend to hear it spoken outside of schools, where it’s taught, or in Gaeltacht areas, which are primarily Irish-speaking regions.
Although English is the official language of Northern Ireland, Ullans (a variant of Scots – a language brought to Ulster by Scottish settlers in the 17th century) and Irish are both seen as culturally significant.
Car rental
Renting a car in Ireland can be a pain. I picked one up from Europcar not long ago.
When I was collecting it, I was surprised to hear that if I drove into Northern Ireland I would be hit with an additional €25 – €35 (I can’t remember exactly how much) charge that would be automatically debited from my card.
I’m not sure if this is the case with every car rental provider, so check in advance.
“Wait, how will I actually know when I’m passing into NI?”
One of the ways I know that I’m after passing into Northern Ireland is the road signs.
In Northern Ireland, they show distances in miles (see image above), while in the Republic of Ireland, we use kilometres.
Obviously, if you pass a massive ‘You are now entering Derry’ sign, it’ll be pretty obvious. Also, if you’re using a sat nav and the sound is on, you tend to be told that you’ve just entered the UK.
The Partition of Ireland: A Brief History
Many online guides that aim to offer an insight in Northern Ireland vs Ireland fail to move past the current day differences of road signs and currency.
To provide the necessary context, you’ll find a brief insight into why a partition of Ireland occurred below.
Disclaimer: this is a very brief history of the partition of Ireland. Many people lost their lives during the events that are only briefly touched on below, so please take some time to read into them further.
Introduction
The division of the island of Ireland into two separate regions – Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland – took place on the 3rd of May, 1921.
The UK originally intended that all of Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom, but the Irish War of Independence (a guerrilla war that was fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces) saw that this didn’t happen.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Ireland and Great Britain were merged into one on the 1st of January 1801 (this happened while Britain was at war with France).
Ireland had been enjoying a brief period of independence following the Irish Rebellion of 1798 (yes, the Brits occupied Ireland before this) when paranoia hit the British government.
They felt that there was a real risk of Ireland joining forces with the French, and decided that Ireland needed to be under British rule once again, to avoid this happening.
The third Home Rule bill
If you’re not familiar with Home Rule, it was a demand that Ireland’s governance be returned from Westminster, in the UK, to a domestic parliament on the island of Ireland.
Many fought for this over the years, like Daniel O’Connell in the 1830s and 1840s, but it never came to be.
Then, on the 11th of April 1912, the Prime Minister introduced the Third Home Rule Bill which granted Ireland self-government.
Unionists (people in favour of the union of Northern Ireland with Britain) greatly opposed this Home Rule Bill, with many forming a paramilitary force, known as the Ulster Volunteer Force (or the UVF), with the intention of resisting Home Rule by violent means.
They pledged that they wouldn’t acknowledge any Parliament out of Dublin nor:
- Obey its laws
- Pay taxes put in place by its government
The Irish Volunteers was set up in response to the creation of the UVF.
Then the 1st World War happened…
Before the situation could be resolved, the 1st World War arrived. This resulted in a crisis in 1914 being averted.
However, while the UVF and the Irish Volunteers prepared for what seemed like certain conflict, arms were imported into Ireland.
The 1916 Easter Rising
It was in April 1916 when trouble came to a boil and the Easter Rising took place. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans in an attempt to end British rule in Ireland.
Some quick facts and figures:
- The Rising started on the 24th of April 1916
- It lasted for 6 days
- Members of the Irish Volunteers seized key locations across Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic.
- The British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements (+ a gunboat) and managed to suppress the Rising
- Around 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British
- Many of the leaders of the Rising were executed
The partition
As mentioned earlier, I’m oversimplifying the events that led to the partition of Ireland, so please do take some time to do further reading into the subject (this is a great resource).
The Government of Ireland Act was introduced in 1920. Its goal was to provide for the better government of Ireland.
This Act resulted in Ireland being split into two self-governing territories:
- Northern Ireland
- Southern Ireland
Both Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland would remain in the United Kingdom.
In May of 1921, Northern Ireland was officially formed.
On the 6th of December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, marking the end of the Irish War of independence.
Frequently asked questions about Northern Ireland v Ireland
Hopefully, I’ve answered a good chunk of the questions that you have about the differences between Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Below, I’m going to tackle some specific questions that we’ve received about the topic.
Is Ireland part of the UK?
Even though the article above is fairly straight-forward, we still receive on-average 7-15 emails per month asking is Ireland part of the UK.
There are six counties in Ireland that are part of the UK. The rest are part of the Republic of Ireland.
How is Northern Ireland different from Ireland?
Ireland and Northern Ireland are technically two different countries. They’re ruled by different governments, they use different currencies, and there’s a different metric system, to name but a few.
Is Northern Ireland British or Irish?
Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. However, under the Good Friday Agreement, people that are born in Northern Ireland have the ability to choose to be British citizens, Irish citizens or both.
Is Dublin in Northern Ireland?
No. Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland.
Have a question about something that we haven’t covered? Let me know in the comments below!
Excelent summary
Love this article!
Why would you have Cath and Prot people fighting with each other..?
I can’t see how you picked that up from the article above Robert. This guide explains the very real differences along with the backstory behind the partition.
Hello Keith, you asked for questions that you haven’t covered in your article. And the question how the conflicts between Catholic and Protestant views is one. At least in news and stories you get to know in Germany (where I live), it often appears as if this conflict was one if not t h e major cause (origin) of trouble between Ireland/Northern Ireland/GB.
I like your very neutral article and feel well informed about the basics (many thanks!). So if you could elaborate on this topic in the same manner would be great.
Yes, Robert’s question is valid since the world media has always reported the conflict as between Protestant and Catholic. I’m really surprised by Keith’s dismissive response after asking for questions.
Okay, so although my knowledge is very limited on the matter, it seems both the Protestant church and Catholic church in Ireland had a role in shaping an Irish citizen’s opinions on whether Ireland should be it’s own republic or remain a part of the UK. The church didn’t begin the divide, but it likely shaped the divide. While the dispute was indeed purely political and constitutional, Irish churches on both sides had a viewpoint on the matter as well, which helped influenced people into one camp or another… Groups of people tend to fellowship and influence each other within their social and spiritual groups, and that influence likely sharpened each camp’s viewpoints. These viewpoints in Ireland were still pretty loose until the slaughter that took place following “The Rising.” It seems to me that’s when both groups hardened their positions well beyond their religious identities and it is disingenuous of historians and the media to try to group the two parties along religious lines. That is to say there are many protestants who are nationalists and vice versa. But the media has always tried to boiler plate human conflict into mere religious conflict. It fits their secular need to simplify and objectify faith in general.
Thank you Keith! Excellent informative summary.
Background: I was born I the UK, but as my dad was American I was granted American citizenship. I never chose one over the other…
I see similarities in the Irish rebellion/s to what is going on right now in the US between the Democrats and Republicans .
Thank you. My wife and I hope to do a road trip to Ireland someday.
This is so interesting- I had no idea! Hopefully I’m able to come and visit someday
This article is precise and concise. I’ve used it to explain the difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland to my students and ,without any difficulty of course, everybody has understood the whole facts.
I have always been interested in what happened between Britain and Ireland, so thank you for at least briefing me in at a high level. Now I feel a little less ignorant on this matter.
Regards from an American.
Brilliant summary of the general thrust of history. For a more detailed take Fergal Kean’s book is very good.
I would appreciate a post brexit deal update.
Is the acceptance of euros increasing especially near the border. Northern Ireland unlike England has no legal tender so there is nothing to stop the spread of Euros except bank charges.
It is worth mentioning that culturally and sporting wise the two countries are very much intertwined. This is the legacies of pre-partition where for example sporting organisations were one island.
A well-known example is the Irish rugby team. Golf, Boxing and Equestrianism are also notable all Ireland teams.
The biggest sporting all-Ireland sporting organisation is the GAA who regulate and run Gaelic football, hurling and handball.
Van Morrison and the Chieftains is a good example of cross-cultural ties. Tourism is an all-Ireland corporation.
Nowadays, economically the land border is so low key, agribusiness flourishes. The advent of Brexit and the NI protocol, NI is / will be looking more towards the South and Europe whilst maintaining its UK ties.
Above all peace matters!
Thanks so much Keith for your extensive article above. I’m Irish-in-the-diaspora (like so many of us): my ancestors migrated to the west of Britain (Lancashire) due to an Gorta Mór. They then intermarried with other Irish immigrants. Being Irish yet not Irish has its disadvantages. What I learnt about Ireland from my Irish family had been handed down orally from generation to generation and had doubtless been lushly embroidered in the process. Historical nasties like Cromwell and William of Orange were enthusiastically reviled for hours on end, while a wonderful story was told at each family gathering of our courageous ancestor who was eventually executed by the British. But none of my immediate relatives have ever set foot in the Republic! What I’m actually wondering is: how do real Irish people from the Republic regard us Irish from over the water? Do you accept us as part of your ‘extended family’, or do you regard us as pretentious foreigners, plastic Paddys and general morons? Would you welcome us if we visited the Republic, or would we merely be just another pestilential gaggle of tourists?
Hey Maria!
I hope the form is as mighty as it can be given the state of the world!
To be honest, I personally have never known of anyone/heard anyone speak negatively in any way about ‘Irish from over the water’. It’s never come up in conversation and it’s never been a ‘thing’ amongst my family or friends, and I have a reasonably wide circle.
Although I’ve heard the term ‘Plastic Paddy’ in the press, I’ve never heard it used during life in Ireland. Is that to say it isn’t used?! Of course not, but I’ve certainly never heard it.
As far as the welcoming goes, I think we’re pretty good here, regardless of where someones from, what they look like or what their beliefs are.
Sure, you’ll meet the odd ar*ehole, but hopefully they’ll be few and far between.
I’m not sure if this response was helpful, but I would encorage you to take a trip here when you get the chance.
If you’re a first time visitor, avoid the cities and large towns and aim for the smaller villages (Ardara in Donegal is my personal favourite).
Cheers,
Keith
A nice article, but you are incorrect about not hearing Irish spoken. If you know the language you will hear it spoken throughout Ireland, but not to the same extent in Northern Ireland. I have returned to speaking the language again after a long hiatus, and I hear young people speaking it in Dublin, Galway, Cork, Limerick, and to a limited extend in Belfast. Is mise le meas, Leo
What matters is peace and co existence, people should love and helo each that is what is important